Most Revd Justin Welby reaffirmed the United Nations goal while speaking to business leaders, clergy and academics at an event organised by the University of Derby.
Part of a three-day visit to the Diocese of Derby, the archbishop also praised the Diocese and the University for their work in tackling modern slavery.
10 business leaders also made formal pledges to ensure none of their pay or employment practices in any way supported human trafficking or exploitation.
Bishop of Derby Rt Revd Alastair Redfern, who was part of the legislation process to create the Modern Slavery Act 2015, said: "We were delighted to welcome the Archbishop to our Diocese and to share with him some of the vital work carried out in the community, and also the challenges and opportunities we face.
"I am delighted he will be joining me to urge business leaders to combat modern day slavery and exploitation in the supply chain.
"His presence will serve to shine a spotlight on the issue."
